Molecular pathways of oxidative stress in diabetes: redox imbalance and insulin pathway dysregulation.
PMID 41460371 | DOI 10.1007/s11033-025-11389-z · Molecular biology reports · 2025 · View on PubMed ↗
Oxidative stress plays a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus, primarily triggered by hyperglycaemia-induced activation of various metabolic pathways such as glycolytic, hexosamine, PKC, polyol, and AGE pathways. A critical event in this process is the inhibition of GAPDH mediated by PARP-1, leading to the accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which subsequently promotes the formation of AGE through methylglyoxal, augments PKC signalling, and enhances flux through the polyol and hexosamine pathways. This oxidative imbalance disrupts the IRS-PI3K-GLUT signalling axis, resulting in diminished glucose uptake and contributing to systemic insulin resistance and β-cell damage. Genetic and epigenetic variations, coupled with compromised antioxidant defences, exacerbate susceptibility to oxidative stress, while the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway emerges as a crucial mechanism for reinstating redox equilibrium.
Validated evidence
| Type | Entity | Source evidence | Confidence | Extractor |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| gene | GAPDH | “A critical event in this process is the inhibition of GAPDH mediated by PARP-1, leading to the accumulation of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, which subsequently promotes the formation of AGE through methylglyoxal, augments PKC signalling, and enhances flux through the polyol and hexosamine pathways.” | 0.98 | hgnc_dict_v1 |
| phenotype | diabetes mellitus | “Molecular pathways of oxidative stress in diabetes: redox imbalance and insulin pathway dysregulation.” | 0.93 | phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2 |