Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“The mice were tested for anxiety, cognition and depression in an array of behavioral experiments, followed by analyzing the oxidative markers, morphological changes and mRNA expression of GFAP, BDNF and TrkB in isolated hippocampi.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Tiagabine and brivaracetam combination rewire epileptic activity in kainic acid-induced temporal lobe epilepsy model: Multimodal analysis of EEG spectra, behavior and neuroinflammatory modulation.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	GFAP	“The mice were tested for anxiety, cognition and depression in an array of behavioral experiments, followed by analyzing the oxidative markers, morphological changes and mRNA expression of GFAP, BDNF and TrkB in isolated hippocampi.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

Neuroprotective Efficacy and Complementary Treatment with Medicinal Herbs: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Therapeutic Approaches in Epilepsy Management.

PMID 39069797 | DOI 10.2174/0118715273332140240724093837 · CNS & neurological disorders drug targets · 2025 · 2 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Herbs such as curcumin, ginkgo biloba, panax ginseng, bacopa monnieri, ashwagandha, and rhodiola rosea influence the BDNF pathway through various mechanisms.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Neuroprotective Efficacy and Complementary Treatment with Medicinal Herbs: A Comprehensive Review of Recent Therapeutic Approaches in Epilepsy Management.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

In Silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation of transferrin coated Phenytoin loaded SLNs with molecular targets of epilepsy.

PMID 40540445 | PMCID PMC12180723 | DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0325772 · PloS one · 2025 · 2 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Bcl-2, BDNF, IL-1β and Caspase showed high binding affinities with docking score of 7.8 kcal/mol, 7.7. kcal/mol.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“In Silico molecular docking and molecular dynamic simulation of transferrin coated Phenytoin loaded SLNs with molecular targets of epilepsy.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Rufinamide Mitigates Seizures and Behavioural Deficits via BDNF/TrkB Modulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Mice.

PMID 40959935 | DOI 10.1111/1440-1681.70075 · Clinical and experimental pharmacology & physiology · 2025 · 2 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Rufinamide Mitigates Seizures and Behavioural Deficits via BDNF/TrkB Modulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Mice.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Rufinamide Mitigates Seizures and Behavioural Deficits via BDNF/TrkB Modulation and Oxidative Stress Reduction in Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Mice.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Brivaracetam and Topiramate Co-Therapy Attenuates Seizure Progression, Neuroinflammation, and Hippocampal Pathology in Chronic Pentylenetetrazole-Kindled Mice.

PMID 41045366 | DOI 10.1007/s11064-025-04571-z · Neurochemical research · 2025 · 2 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“RT-PCR confirmed substantial downregulation of proinflammatory and excitatory markers, including BDNF, TrkB, and TNF-α, indicating suppression of neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity in combination-treated group.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Rational polytherapy is increasingly gaining attention when monotherapy fails to control seizures.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Molecular mechanisms of neurosteroids in temporal lobe epilepsy: current insights and therapeutic perspectives.

PMID 41296082 | DOI 10.1007/s11033-025-11238-z · Molecular biology reports · 2025 · 2 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Accumulating evidence indicates that NSs, including Allopregnanolone, brexanolone, and ganaxolone, may exert neuroprotective and anti-epileptogenic effects through both direct GABAergic modulation and indirect regulation of mTORC1, AMPK, and BDNF signaling pathways, as well as autophagy activation.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Molecular mechanisms of neurosteroids in temporal lobe epilepsy: current insights and therapeutic perspectives.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

In vivo, in silico effects of sakuranetin as a multi-target nutraceutical against PTZ-induced seizures via GABA restoration and BDNF/TrkB activation.

PMID 41462371 | PMCID PMC12753689 | DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-26746-y · Scientific reports · 2025 · 2 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“In vivo, in silico effects of sakuranetin as a multi-target nutraceutical against PTZ-induced seizures via GABA restoration and BDNF/TrkB activation.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“In vivo, in silico effects of sakuranetin as a multi-target nutraceutical against PTZ-induced seizures via GABA restoration and BDNF/TrkB activation.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Ameliorative effects of vanillin against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy and associated memory loss in mice: The role of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NFκB pathways.

PMID 38335655 | DOI 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.111657 · International immunopharmacology · 2024 · 6 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“In addition, Van reduced AChE activity, and elevated glial fibrillary acidic proteins (GFAP) increased neurotransmitter and brain-derived neurotrophic factors (BDNF).”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Ameliorative effects of vanillin against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy and associated memory loss in mice: The role of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NFκB pathways.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	NQO1	“Ameliorative effects of vanillin against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy and associated memory loss in mice: The role of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NFκB pathways.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
gene	HMGB1	“Ameliorative effects of vanillin against pentylenetetrazole-induced epilepsy and associated memory loss in mice: The role of Nrf2/HO-1/NQO1 and HMGB1/RAGE/TLR4/NFκB pathways.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

Chrysophanol attenuates cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress by TLR4/NFκB-Nrf2/HO-1 and BDNF/VEGF signaling in stress-intensified PTZ induced epilepsy in mice.

PMID 39650161 | PMCID PMC11620889 | DOI 10.3389/fphar.2024.1446304 · Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024 · 5 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Chrysophanol attenuates cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress by TLR4/NFκB-Nrf2/HO-1 and BDNF/VEGF signaling in stress-intensified PTZ induced epilepsy in mice.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Chrysophanol attenuates cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress by TLR4/NFκB-Nrf2/HO-1 and BDNF/VEGF signaling in stress-intensified PTZ induced epilepsy in mice.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	TLR4	“Chrysophanol attenuates cognitive impairment, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress by TLR4/NFκB-Nrf2/HO-1 and BDNF/VEGF signaling in stress-intensified PTZ induced epilepsy in mice.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
gene	BAX	“Chrysophanol treatment effectively showed an increase in the expression of BCL-2, and Nrf-2 with a decrease in BAX expression confirmed by immunohistochemistry.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

Role of ketogenic diet in neurodegenerative diseases focusing on Alzheimer diseases: The guardian angle.

PMID 38360180 | DOI 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102233 · Ageing research reviews · 2024 · 4 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“In conclusion, KD improves cognitive function and attenuates the progression of AD neuropathology by reducing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and enhancing neuronal autophagy and brain BDNF.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“KD is primarily used to treat refractory epilepsy.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
phenotype	Alzheimer disease	“Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first common neurodegenerative disease in the world characterized by memory and cognitive impairment.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
phenotype	intellectual disability	“Alzheimer disease (AD) is the first common neurodegenerative disease in the world characterized by memory and cognitive impairment.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Neuroprotective role of chlorogenic acid against hippocampal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis following acute seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole.

PMID 39133453 | DOI 10.1007/s11011-024-01400-0 · Metabolic brain disease · 2024 · 3 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Further, CGA pre-treatment caused significant increases in acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, along with marked increases in dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin levels.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Neuroprotective role of chlorogenic acid against hippocampal neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis following acute seizures induced by pentylenetetrazole.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
phenotype	lymphoma	“Remarkably, CGA counteracted hippocampal apoptosis by lessening the levels of pro-apoptotic biomarkers [Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3] and increasing the anti-apoptogenic marker level of B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2).”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Geraniol Ameliorates Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress via Modulating the GABAergic Tract: In vitro and in vivo studies.

PMID 39654600 | PMCID PMC11627104 | DOI 10.2147/DDDT.S481985 · Drug design, development and therapy · 2024 · 3 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Ger mitigated MDA, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ, GFAP, caspase-3, and -9 levels and Bax gene expression and escalated GSH, SOD, catalase, BDNF and Bcl2 gene expression.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Geraniol Ameliorates Pentylenetetrazol-Induced Epilepsy, Neuroinflammation, and Oxidative Stress via Modulating the GABAergic Tract: In vitro and in vivo studies.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	GFAP	“Ger mitigated MDA, NO, IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-γ, GFAP, caspase-3, and -9 levels and Bax gene expression and escalated GSH, SOD, catalase, BDNF and Bcl2 gene expression.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

The Possible Role of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Epilepsy.

PMID 38006577 | PMCID PMC10884085 | DOI 10.1007/s11064-023-04064-x · Neurochemical research · 2024 · 2 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Despite of that the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is implicated in the pathogenesis of epileptogenesis and epilepsy, BDNF may have a neuroprotective effect against epilepsy.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“The Possible Role of Brain-derived Neurotrophic Factor in Epilepsy.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Perampanel increases seizure threshold in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice and improves behavioral dysfunctions by modifying mRNA expression levels of BDNF/TrkB and inflammatory markers.

PMID 38226351 | PMCID PMC10788632 | DOI 10.1016/j.jsps.2023.101930 · Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2024 · 2 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Perampanel increases seizure threshold in pentylenetetrazole-kindled mice and improves behavioral dysfunctions by modifying mRNA expression levels of BDNF/TrkB and inflammatory markers.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Perampanel (PER), a novel 3rd-generation antiseizure drug that modulates altered post-synaptic glutamatergic storming by selectively inhibiting AMPA receptors, is recently approved to treat intractable forms of seizures.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

A Mutual Nexus Between Epilepsy and α-Synuclein: A Puzzle Pathway.

PMID 38703341 | DOI 10.1007/s12035-024-04204-6 · Molecular neurobiology · 2024 · 2 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“In addition, accumulation of α-Syn in epilepsy could be secondary to the different cellular alterations including oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, reduction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and progranulin (PGN), and failure of the autophagy pathway.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“A Mutual Nexus Between Epilepsy and α-Synuclein: A Puzzle Pathway.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Mimosa pudica L. aqueous extract protects mice against pilocarpine-picrotoxin kindling-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, oxidative stress, and alteration in GABAergic/cholinergic pathways and BDNF expression.

PMID 39996118 | PMCID PMC11848678 | DOI 10.3389/fphar.2024.1301002 · Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024 · 2 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Mimosa pudica L. aqueous extract protects mice against pilocarpine-picrotoxin kindling-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, oxidative stress, and alteration in GABAergic/cholinergic pathways and BDNF expression.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Mimosa pudica L. aqueous extract protects mice against pilocarpine-picrotoxin kindling-induced temporal lobe epilepsy, oxidative stress, and alteration in GABAergic/cholinergic pathways and BDNF expression.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Tiagabine suppresses pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice and improves behavioral and cognitive parameters by modulating BDNF/TrkB expression and neuroinflammatory markers.

PMID 36791567 | DOI 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.114406 · Biomedicine & pharmacotherapy = Biomedecine & pharmacotherapie · 2023 · 3 validated mentions

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Evidence preview

Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Tiagabine suppresses pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice and improves behavioral and cognitive parameters by modulating BDNF/TrkB expression and neuroinflammatory markers.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Tiagabine suppresses pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice and improves behavioral and cognitive parameters by modulating BDNF/TrkB expression and neuroinflammatory markers.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
phenotype	intellectual disability	“Furthermore, Tia dose-dependently exerted the anxiolytic effects and protected from PTZ-evoked cognitive impairment.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

New insights on the potential anti-epileptic effect of metformin: Mechanistic pathway.

PMID 37737447 | PMCID PMC10747420 | DOI 10.1111/jcmm.17965 · Journal of cellular and molecular medicine · 2023 · 3 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“In addition, metformin improves the expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) which has a neuroprotective effect.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease characterized by recurrent seizures.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	PPA2	“Also, metformin reduces α-synuclein and increases protein phosphatase 2A (PPA2) with modulation of neuroinflammation.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

Impact of Berberine on Some Epigenetic, Transcription Regulation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in a Mice Model of Epilepsy.

PMID 34981012 | PMCID PMC8718772 | DOI 10.52547/rbmb.10.3.362 · Reports of biochemistry & molecular biology · 2021 · 2 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Groups were subjected to assessment of Tumor growth factor-1β (TGF-1β), hypoxia inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) levels, histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity & neuronal restrictive silencing factor (NRSF) gene expression.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Impact of Berberine on Some Epigenetic, Transcription Regulation and Inflammatory Biomarkers in a Mice Model of Epilepsy.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2

Anti-epileptic activity of daidzin in PTZ-induced mice model by targeting oxidative stress and BDNF/VEGF signaling.

PMID 32450180 | DOI 10.1016/j.neuro.2020.05.005 · Neurotoxicology · 2020 · 4 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Anti-epileptic activity of daidzin in PTZ-induced mice model by targeting oxidative stress and BDNF/VEGF signaling.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Epilepsy is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease described by recurrent seizures.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	ALDH2	“Moreover, the molecular docking results showed that daidzin possesses a better binding affinity for ALDH2, estrogen receptor-β, P13k, AKT2, mTORC1, and HIF-1-α proteins.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
gene	AKT2	“Moreover, the molecular docking results showed that daidzin possesses a better binding affinity for ALDH2, estrogen receptor-β, P13k, AKT2, mTORC1, and HIF-1-α proteins.”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

Neuroprotective effect of nilotinib on pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy in adult rat hippocampus: involvement of oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis.

PMID 31556574 | DOI 10.5114/fn.2019.84423 · Folia neuropathologica · 2019 · 3 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“The histopathological changes in the hippocampus were studied using hematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemical stain for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), beclin-1, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and Bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX).”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“Neuroprotective effect of nilotinib on pentylenetetrazol-induced epilepsy in adult rat hippocampus: involvement of oxidative stress, autophagy, inflammation, and apoptosis.”	0.98	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	GFAP	“The histopathological changes in the hippocampus were studied using hematoxylin and eosin stain and immunohistochemical stain for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), beclin-1, nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) and Bcl-2-like protein 4 (BAX).”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1

Sitagliptin enhances the neuroprotective effect of pregabalin against pentylenetetrazole-induced acute epileptogenesis in mice: Implication of oxidative, inflammatory, apoptotic and autophagy pathways.

PMID 29032011 | DOI 10.1016/j.neuint.2017.10.006 · Neurochemistry international · 2018 · 3 validated mentions

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Type	Entity	Source evidence	Confidence	Extractor
gene	BDNF	“Neuronal damage was also assessed by performing tissue staining by hematoxylin and eosin, estimating hippocampus level of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1
phenotype	epilepsy	“The possible effect of the drug in combination with pregabalin in pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)- induced seizures was studied.”	0.93	phenotype_alias_lexicon_v2
gene	GFAP	“Neuronal damage was also assessed by performing tissue staining by hematoxylin and eosin, estimating hippocampus level of glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF).”	0.98	hgnc_dict_v1